It happens that there is a philosopher called Friedrich Hegel, whom, I must confess, I specifically detest and I am happy to share that profound feeling with a far greater man, Gauss. Julian Benda (1867-1956), La Trahison des Clercs, 1927, The Treason of the Intellectuals, 1928, translated by Richard Aldington, 2007, Transaction Publishers, pp.77-78 - note the timely publication of Heidegger's own Germanizing metaphysic in Being and Time in 1928 It will be the eternal shame of the German philosophers to have transformed the patrician virgin who honored the Gods into a harpy engaged in shrieking the glory of her children. Fichte and Hegel made the triumph of the German world the supreme and necessary end of the development of Being. It was reserved for our own age to see metaphysicians of the greatest eminence turning their speculations to the exaltation of their own countries and to the depreciation of other countries, fortifying the will to power of their compatriots with all the power of abstractive genius.
Hegel, Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Translated with Notes by T.M. Instead we must consider the Idea, this actual God, by itself. In considering the Idea of the state, we must not have our eyes on particular states or on particular institutions.
The basis of the state is the power of reason actualizing itself as will. The march of God in the world, that is what the state is. In considering freedom, the starting-point must be not individuality, the single self-consciousness, but only the essence of self-consciousness for whether man knows it or not, this essence is externally realized as a self-subsistent power in which single individuals are only moments. Only when it is present in consciousness, when it knows itself as a really existent object, is it the state. In nature, on the other hand, mind actualizes itself only as its own other, as mind asleep. The state is mind on earth and consciously realizing itself there. The state in and by itself is the ethical whole, the actualization of freedom and it is an absolute end of reason that freedom should be actual. Therefore, for the Fascist, everything is in the State, and nothing human or spiritual exists, much less has value, outside the State.īenito Mussolini & Giovanni Gentile, Dottrina del Fascismo, "Doctrine of Fascism," 1932
Giacché, per il fascita, tutto è nello Stato, e nulla di umano o spirituale esiste, e tanto meno ha valore, fuori dello Stato. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, Collier & Son, New York, 1902, p.87. Ll worth which the human being possesses - all spiritual reality, he possesses only through the State. 1, translation by Humphrey Palmer, 1971 or The Logic of Hegel, translated from The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, by William Wallace, Oxford, 1873, 1972, pp.52 & 361. Hegel, Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, Vol. In death the class shows its power over the immediate individual. What is living comes to death, for its very being is a contradiction in itself it is the general, the class, yet its immediate existence is as an individual.
Hegel dialectic quotes free#
The animal, as an individual, has its concept in the species and its death sets the species free from individuality. For this reason they inevitably go to ruin, that the incommensurability of their concept and their existence may be evident. God alone is the true agreement of concept and reality all finite things involve some untruth, they have a concept and an existence which are incommensurable. Rackham, Harvard University Press, 1932, 1998, pp.10-11, translation modified. Thus also the state is prior by nature to the household and to each of us.Īristotle, Politics, Loeb Classical Library, Aristotle XXI, translated by H. Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern, HarperCollins, 1991, pp. 'Tis still a dream, or else such stuff as madmenĬymbeline, Act Five, Scene 4, Lines 148-149, William Shakespeare (suggested by Schopenhauer as the motto of Hegel's philosophy)įrau Edouard Devrient: "Do tell me, who is the stupid fellow sitting next to me?"įelix Mendelssohn (behind his napkin): "The stupid fellow next to you is the philosopher Hegel."
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